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510
Frank M. Snowden, Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 70.
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511
See John Henderson, Florence Under Siege: Surviving Plague in an Early Modern City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019).
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512
Rincon Cruz, «Contagion, Borders, and Scale».
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513
Около 46 метров.
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514
Alexander William Kinglake, Eothen, or Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East (New York: D. Appleton, 1899 [1844]), p. 1.
Вернуться
515
A. Wess Mitchell and Charles Ingrao, «Emperor Joseph’s Solution to Coronavirus», Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/emperor-josephs-solutiontocoronavirus-11586214561; Snowden, Epidemics and Society, pp. 72–73; Gunther Rothenberg, «The Austrian Sanitary Cordon and the Control of the Bubonic Plague: 1710–1871», Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 28, no. 1 (1973), pp. 15–23.
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516
Simon Schama, «Plague Time: Simon Schama on What History Tells Us», Financial Times, April 10, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/279dee4a-740b-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca.
Вернуться
517
Norman Howard-Jones, «Fracastoro and Henle: A Re-Appraisal of Their Contribution to the Concept of Communicable
Diseases», Medical History 21, no. 1 (1977), pp. 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300037170; V. Nutton, «The Reception of Fracastoro’s Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell Among Thorns?» Osiris 6 (1990), pp. 196–234.
Вернуться
518
Ferguson, Empire, p. 9.
Вернуться
519
Cary P. Gross and Kent A. Sepkowitz, «The Myth of the Medical Breakthrough: Smallpox, Vaccination, and Jenner Reconsidered», International Journal of Infectious Disease 3 (1998), pp. 54–60; S. Riedel, «Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination», Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 18 (2005), pp. 21–25.
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520
John D. Burton, «‘The Awful Judgements of God upon the Land’: Smallpox in Colonial Cambridge, Massachusetts», New England Quarterly 74, no. 3, (2001), pp. 495–506. См. также: Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002).
Вернуться
521
Gross and Sepkowitz, «Myth of the Medical Breakthrough», p. 57.
Вернуться
522
Burton, «Awful Judgements of God», p. 499.
Вернуться
523
Edward Edwardes, A Concise History of Small-pox and Vaccination in Europe (London: H. K. Lewis, 1902).
Вернуться
524
Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 66f.
Вернуться
525
Dona Schneider and David E. Lilienfeld, «History and Scope of Epidemiology», in Lilienfeld’s Foundations of Epidemiology, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 1-53.
Вернуться
526
V. Curtis, «Dirt, Disgust and Disease: A Natural History of Hygiene», Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (2007), pp. 660-64; M. Best and D. Neuhauser, «Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control», Quality and Safety in Health Care 13 (2004), pp. 233–234; K. Codell Carter, «Ignaz Semmelweis, Carl Mayrhofer, and the Rise of Germ Theory», Medical History 29 (1985), pp. 33–53; K. Codell Carter, «Koch’s Postulates in Relation to the Work of Jacob Henle and Edwin Klebs», Medical History 29 (1985), pp. 353–374.
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527
Muhammad H. Zaman, Biography of Resistance: The Epic Battle between People and Pathogens (New York: HarperWave, 2020).
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528
Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), p. xii.
Вернуться
529
A. Lustig and A. J. Levine, «One Hundred Years of Virology», Journal of Virology 66, no. 2 (1992), pp. 4629–4631.
Вернуться
530
J. Erin Staples and Thomas P. Monath, «Yellow Fever: 100 Years of Discovery», Journal of the American Medical Association 300, no. 8, (2008), pp. 960–962.
Вернуться
531
J. Gordon Frierson, «The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History», Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 83, no. 2 (June 2010), pp. 77–85.
Вернуться
532
Ferguson, Civilization, p. 147.
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533
Ferguson, Civilization, pp. 169f., 174.
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534
Frierson, «Yellow Fever Vaccine».
Вернуться
535
McGrew, «First Cholera Epidemic», p. 72.
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536
Theodore H. Friedgut, «Labor Violence and Regime Brutality in Tsarist Russia: The Iuzovka Cholera Riots of 1892», Slavic Review 46, no. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 245–265.
Вернуться
537
Richard L. Stefanik, «The Smallpox Riots of 1894», Milwaukee County Historical Society Historical Messenger 26, no. 4 (December 1970), pp. 1–4.
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538
Echenberg, «Pestis Redux», pp. 443f.
Вернуться
539
Valeska Huber, «The Unification of the Globe by Disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851–1894», Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (2006), pp. 453–476. См. также: Andrew Ehrhardt, «Disease and Diplomacy in the 19th Century», War on the Rocks (blog), April 30, 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/disease-and-diplomacyinthe-nineteenth-century/.
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540
Peter Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
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541
Echenberg, «Pestis Redux», pp. 443f.
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542
Mahatma Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (New Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, 2010), p. 30.
Вернуться
543
Ferguson, Civilization, p. 146.
Вернуться
544
Ferguson, Civilization, pp. 171f., 175.
Вернуться
545
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1998 [1976]), p. 182.
Вернуться
546
James C. Riley, «Insects and the European Mortality Decline», American Historical Review 91, no. 4 (October 1986), pp. 833–858.
Вернуться
547
Rosenberg, Cholera Years, pp. 206–210.
Вернуться
548
David Cutler and Grant Miller, «The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States», NBER Working Paper No. 10511 (May 2004).
Вернуться
549
George Bernard Shaw, The Doctor’s Dilemma (London: Penguin, 1946), pp. 64f.
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550
Современный эквивалент – презренные 19 галлонов (ок. 86 л). Впрочем, содержание алкоголя в современном пиве, как правило, выше, чем в прежние времена. (Прим. авт.)
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551
Ian Gazeley and Andrew Newell, «Urban Working-Class Food Consumption and Nutrition in Britain in 1904», Economic History Review 68, no. 1 (February 2015), p. 17.
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552
Andrew T. Newell and Ian Gazeley, «The Declines in Infant Mortality and Fertility: Evidence from British Cities in Demographic Transition», IZA Discussion Paper No. 6855 (October 2012), p. 17.